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Monday, March 13, 2017

PRESSURE

 Unknown     12:12 PM     Physics     No comments   

CHAPTER 2
PRESSURE

The earth is surrounded by the atmosphere up a height of many many miles.

ကမၻာေျမၾကီးကို မိုင္ေပါင္းမ်ားစြာ ျမင့္သည္အထိ atmosphere (ေလထု) ကို ဖုံးလြမ္းထားပါသည္။

The atmosphere exerts pressure because the atmosphere which consists largely of masses of gases has weight.

ျဒပ္ထုအေလးခ်ိန္းၾကီးၾကီးမားမားပါ၀င္ေသာ atmosphere သည္ အေလးခ်ိန္ (weight) ရွိေသာေၾကာင့္ ထို atmosphere သည္ pressure (ဖိအား) သက္ေရာက္ေနသည္။

Atmospheric pressure acts on all living and non living things on earth.
Atmospheric pressure (ေလထုဖိအား) သည္ ကမၻာေပၚရွိ သက္ရွိ၊ သက္မဲ့ အရာအာလံုးေပၚတြင္ သက္ေရာက္သည္။


Since the surface area of the body of an average person is about 2m2, the magnitude of force acting on his is 200 k N or 20 tons. This is because the magnitude of the atmospheric pressure at the earth’s surface is about 100 k Nm–2.

လူတစ္ဦးတစ္ေယာက္ခ်င္းစီ၏ ကိုယ္ခႏၶာဧရိယာအက်ယ္သည္  2m2 ရွိေသာေၾကာင့္ ထိုလူေပၚတြင္ သက္ေရာက္ေနေသာ force ပမာဏ သည္ 200 k N or 20 tons ျဖစ္သည္။ အဘယ္ေၾကာင့္ဆိုေသာ္ ကမၻာေျမမ်က္ျပင္ဧရိယာအက်ယ္ 1 မီတာ ပတ္လည္တြင္ 100 k N အားပမာဏသက္ေရာက္ေနေသာ
ေၾကာင့္ပင္ျဖစ္သည္။

Although the atmospheric pressure on a person is very high the blood pressure inside the body is even a bit higher than the atmospheric pressure. This is the reason why we are able to withstand atmospheric pressure.

လူတစ္ေယာက္ေပၚတြင္ သက္ေရာက္ေသာ atmospheric pressure သည္ လြန္စြာမွပင္ႀကီးမားေသာ္
လည္း၊ body အတြင္းမွရွိေသာ ေသြးဖိအားသည္ atmospheric pressure ထက္ ပိုမ်ားျပားေနသည္။ ထိုအခ်က္ေၾကာင့္ပင္ ကြ်န္ေတာ္တို႔သည္ atmospheric pressure ကို ေတာင့္ခံေနႏိုင္ျခင္းျဖစ္သည္။


Nose bleeding which sometimes occurs at a place of a low atmospheric pressure is due to the fact that the blood pressure is higher than the atmospheric pressure.

Atmospheric pressure နည္းေသာေနရာတြင္ တစ္ခါတစ္ရံျဖစ္တတ္ေသာ ႏွာေခါင္းေသြးလွ်ံျခင္းျဖစ္ပြား
ေသာအေၾကာင္းရင္းမွာ the blood pressure သည္ atmospheric pressure ထက္ ပိုျမင့္ေနေသာအခ်က္
ေၾကာင့္ျဖစ္သည္။

The atmospheric pressure changes according to locality and time.


atmospheric pressure သည္ ေနရာေဒသႏွင့္အခ်ိန္အခါအတိုင္း ေျပာင္းလဲေလ့ရွိသည္။


The atmospheric pressure at the plains is higher than that at the hilly regions.



ေျမျပန္႕ေဒသမ်ားတြင္သက္ေရာက္ေသာ atmospheric pressure သည္ ေတာင္တန္းေဒသမ်ားတြင္ သက္ေရာင္ေသာ atmospheric pressure ထက္ ပိုျမင့္မားသည္။


There are occasions when the atmospheric pressure changes from day to day for the same locality.



ေနရာတစ္ေနရာတည္းတြင္ပင္ တစ္ရက္ၿပီးတစ္ရက္ atmospheric pressure ေျပာင္းလဲေသာအခါ ထူးျခားေသာျဖစ္စဥ္မ်ားျဖစ္ေလ့ရွိသည္။

Ordinary atmospheric pressure (or) Normal atmospheric pressure

         The atmospheric pressure at sea level is measured many times for many days and the average value is taken as ordinary atmospheric pressure or normal atmospheric pressure.

atmospheric pressure ပင္လယ္ေရမ်က္ႏွာျပင္တြင္ ရက္ေပါင္းမ်ားစြာၾကာေအာင္ အႀကိမ္ႀကိမ္ တိုင္းတာထားၿပီးေနာက္ တြက္ယူထားေသာ ပ်မ္းမွ်တန္ဖိုးကို ordinary atmospheric pressure or normal atmospheric pressure (သာမာန္ ေလထူဖိအား) ဟုေခၚသည္။

Barometer

         Barometer is a device for measuring atmospheric pressure. The mercury barometer is a simplest form.  It consists of a glass tube about 1 meter long sealed at one end and filled with mercury. The tube is then inverted and the open end is submerged in a reservoir of mercury; the mercury column is help up by the pressure of the atmosphere acting on the surface of mercury in the reservoir.

atmospheric pressure ကို တိုင္းတာေသာ ပစၥည္းကို Barometer ဟုေခၚသည္။ Mercury   (ျပဒါးရည္) ထည့္ထားေသာ Mercury barometer သည္ အရုိးရွင္းဆံဳးေသာပံုစံတစ္ခုျဖစ္သည္။ Mercury barometer တြင္ တစ္ဖက္ပိတ္ 1 မီတာခန္႕အရွည္ရိ်ေသာ ဖန္ျပြန္ေခ်ာင္းတစ္ခုပါ၀င္ျပီး Mercury အရည္ျဖင့္ျဖည့္ထည့္ထားသည္။ ထို႕ေနာက္ ဖန္ျပြန္ကိုေျပာင္းျပန္လွန္႔၍ အေပါက္ဘက္ ကို mercury ဇလံုကန္ထဲတြင္ႏွစ္ျမဳပ္ထားသည္။ mercury column (ေဒါင္လိုက္တိုင္) သည္ ဇလံု
ကန္ထဲရွိ mercury မ်က္ႏွာျပင္ေပၚတြင္ သက္ေရာက္ေနေသာ atmospheric pressure ေၾကာင့္ အထက္သို ေျမွာက္တက္လာသည္။ 

In barometer, the force exerted by atmosphere balance the weight of the mercury column.
   Barometer တြင္ atmosphere ေၾကာင့္ သက္ေရာင္ေသာ force သည္ mercury column တိုင္ထဲရွိ mercury ၏ weight ႏွင့္ တူညီသည္။


Standard atmospheric pressure

A pressure of 760 mmHg is known as standard atmospheric pressure, 1 atmosphere [1atm].
pressure 760 mmHg ကို စံေလထူဖိအား (သို႔မဟုတ္) 1 atm လို႔ေခၚဆိုသည္။


The height of the column = h
The cross-sectional area of the tube = A
The volume of the mercury in the column = Ah
The weight of mercury, W = Ahρg
The force of mercury, F = Ahρg
The pressure = ρgh

The density of mercury (ρ) is 13590 kg m–3.


     Mercury ၏ သိပ္သည္းဆသည္ 13590 kg m–3 ရွိသည္။



The vertical height of the mercury is dependent only on the pressure outside the tube.



mercury ၏ ေဒါင္လုိက္တိုင္အျမင့္သည္ ဖန္ျပြန္အျပင္ဘက္တြင္သက္ေရာက္ေသာ pressure အတိုင္းသာ မူတည္ေျပာင္းလဲသည္။


The vertical height of the mercury is does not depend on the tile of the column.



 mercury ၏ ေဒါင္လုိက္တိုင္အျမင့္သည္ ဖန္ျပြန္ေခ်ာင္း၏ ေစာင္းယိုင္းျခင္းေပၚတြင္ မမီွခိုပါ။



The vertical height of the mercury is independent of the diameter (width) of the tube.



 mercury ၏ ေဒါင္လုိက္တိုင္အျမင့္သည္ ဖန္ျပြန္ေခ်ာင္း၏ အက်ယ္ေပၚတြင္ မမီွခိုပါ။


The pressure in a liquid doesn’t depend on the container angle or width.



အရည္ထဲတြင္သက္ေရာက္ေသာ  pressure သည္ ဇလံုကန္၏ေထာင့္ေဇာင္းႏွင့္အက်ပ္ေပၚတြင္ မူတည္
ေျပာင္းလဲျခင္းမရွိပါ။



ေအာက္ပါ တူညီခ်က္မွားကို exercise မ်ားတြက္ရည္ က်က္မွတ္ထားပါ။
1 atm = 1.013 × 105 Pa
1 atm =  14.7 lb in–2
1 atm =  1.01 b
1 atm =  760 torr
1 atm =  760 mm Hg

Sucking

           The action of sucking increases the volume of the lungs, thereby reducing the air pressure in the lungs and the mouth. The atmospheric pressure acting on the surface of the liquid will then be greater than the pressure in the mouth, thus forcing the liquid to rise up the straw into the mouth.

ေဖ်ာ္ရည္ပိုက္ျဖင့္အရည္စုပ္ယူျခင္းသည္ အဆုပ္၏အရြယ္ကို ၾကီးမားလာေစျခင္းေၾကာင့္ ပါးစပ္ႏွင့္ အဆုပ္အတြင္းမွ air pressure ကို နည္းပါးေစသည္။ အရည္မ်က္ႏွာျပင္ေပၚသက္ေရာေနေသာ atmospheric pressure သည္ ပါးစပ္အတြင္းရွိ pressure ထက္ႀကီးမားလာေသာေၾကာင့္ အရည္ကို ပိုက္တစ္ေလွ်ာက္မွ ပါစပ္အတြင္းသို ျမင့္တက္၀င္ေရာက္လာေစသည္။

( ပံုဆဲြ - fig.2.4)

Syringe

          To draw liquid into the syringe, the piston of the syringe is drawn upward. This decreases the pressure within the cylinder. Atmospheric pressure acting on the liquid drives the liquid into the cylinder through the nozzle. 

ေဆးထိုးျပြန္ထဲသို႔ အရည္ကိုစုပ္ယူရန္ piston ေခ်ာင္းကို ဆဲြတင္ေပးရပါမည္။ ဤသိုဆဲြလိုက္ျခင္း
သည္ ေဆးထိုးျပြန္ထဲမွ pressure ကိုေလ်ာ့နည္းသြားေစသည္။ အရည္ေပၚသက္ေရာက္ေနေသာ atmospheric pressure သည္ အရည္ကို nozzle ႏုတ္သီးေပါက္မွ ျပြန္ေခ်ာင္းအတြင္းသို႔ ေမာင္း
တင္ေပးလိုက္ပါသည္။

 ( ပံုဆဲြ - fig.2.5)
The pressure depends on the depth under surface of the liquid.



Pressure သည္ အရည္၏မ်က္ႏွာျပင္ေအာက္တြင္ရွိေသာ အနက္ေပၚမွီခိုသည္။


The deeper the point inside the liquid the greater is the pressure at that point.



အရည္ထဲတြင္ အနက္ပိုနက္ေလေလ၊ ထိုအမွတ္မ်ား၌ရွိေသာ pressure ပိုၾကီးၾကီးေလေလျဖစ္သည္။


Since the weight of liquid becomes greater as the depth increases, the pressure also increases with depth.



အနက္ပိုနက္လာေသာအခါ အရည္၏အေလးခ်ိန္ပိုၾကီးလာေသာေၾကာင့္ pressure သည္လည္း အနက္ႏွင့္အတူပိုမ်ားလာသည္။


The pressure (p′ = ρgh) exerted by the liquid is directly proportional to the height of the liquid column (h) and the density(ρ).



အရည္အာျဖင့္သက္ေရာက္ေသာ pressure onf အရည္၏ အျမင့္တိုင္ column ႏွင့္ density တို႔ႏွင့္ တိုက္ရုိက္အခ်ဳိးက်သည္။


The result of The pressure (p′ = ρgh) is true not only for a point at the bottom of the tank but also for any depth inside the liquid.



pressure ၏ အက်ဳိးတရားသည္ ေရကန္၏ ေအာက္ေျခအမွတ္တစ္ခုတည္းတြင္သာမွန္ကန္သည္သာမ
က အရည္အတြင္းမွ အမွတ္အားလုံးကိုလည္း မွန္ကန္ေစပါသည္။



The true pressure at the depth h in the liquid, p = patm + ρgh.



အရည္အတြင္း အမွတ္ h ေနရာမွ အမွန္တကယ္ pressure မွာ   p = patm + ρgh   ျဖစ္သည္။


Pressure at any point inside a liquid is the same in all directions.



အရည္အတြင္းမွ အမွတ္တစ္ခုတြင္ သက္ေရာက္ေနေသာ pressure သည္ မည္သည္ဘက္မွမဆို တူညီစြာသက္ေရာက္သည္။


If a body is spherical in shape, pressure will be exerted on the body from every direction.



 အရာ၀တၳဳသည္ စက္လံုးပံုစံျဖစ္ေသာအခါ pressure သည္ အဘက္ဘက္မွ သက္ေရာက္ပါသည္။


Though the weight of the liquid column depends on its base area, the pressure exerted by the column is independent of area.



ျဖန္ျပြန္ထဲမွ အရည္ column တိုင္တြင္းရွိ အရည္၏ weight သည္ ျဖန္ျပြန္အ၀ေျခအက်ယ္ေပၚတြင္မူ
တည္ေသာ္လည္း Column တိုင္မွျပေနေသာ သက္ေရာက္ pressure သည္ ျဖန္ျပြန္ area ေပၚတြင္ မမူတည္းပါ။

Manometers

          A glass tube, open at both ends and bent into a U-shape, serves as sensitive device for measuring pressure when filled with coloured water or light oil. Such a device is called a manometer.

ဖန္ျပြန္ေခ်ာင္းတစ္ကို ေပါ့ပါးေသာ ဆီ သို႔မဟုတ္ အေရာင္ပါေသာ ေရ ျဖင့္ျဖည့္ထည့္ထားေသာ
အခ်ိန္ pressure ကို တိုင္းတာရန္အတြင္ sensitive device (အာရံုခံပစၥည္း) အျဖစ္အသံုးျပဳျပီး၊ U ပံုသ႑ာန္ ေကြးထားျပီး၊ တစ္ဖက္တြင္ဖြင့္ထားသည္။ ထိုပစၥည္းမ်ဳိးကို manometer ဟုေခၚသည္။

Mercury can also be used as the filling liquid for a manometer.



Manometer အတြက္  mercury ကိုလည္း ျဖည့္ရည္အျဖစ္ အသံုးျပဳႏိုင္ပါသည္။


Manometers are very sensitive for measuring pressure differences, especially when the filling liquid is water or light oil.



Manometer မ်ားသည္ pressure ျခားနားခ်က္မ်ားတိုင္းတာရန္အတြက္ အလြန္ အာရံုခံေကာင္းသည္။ အထူးသျဖင့္ ျဖည့္ရည္အျဖင့္ ေရႏွင့္ ေပါ့ပါးေသာဆီကို ထည့္ထားခ်ိန္ျဖစ္ညသည္။


A manometer filled with a denser liquid such as mercury is not as sensitive.



mercury ကဲ့သို႔ေသာ သိပ္သည္းေလးလံေသာအရည္ျဖင့္ ျဖည္ထားေသာ manometer သည္ အာရံုခံပစၥည္းမဟုတ္ပါ။


Buoyancy

           When bodies are immersed in a liquid there is loss in weight. This is because of a property of liquids called buoyancy.

F = vρg

အရာ၀တၳဳတစ္ခုသည္ အရည္တြင္ နစ္ျမဳပ္ေသာအခါ အေလးခ်ိန္ ေလ်ာ့သြားသည္။ ဤသို႔ျဖစ္ျခင္းသည္ 
ေဖာ့ဂုဏ္ဟုေခၚေသာ အရည္၏ဂုဏ္သတၱိေၾကာင့္ျဖစ္သည္။


Archimedes’ principle

          The upward thrust acting on a body which is immersed in a liquid is equal to the weight of the liquid displacement by the body. This is called Archimedes’ principle.

F = Vρg


အရည္ထဲတြင္နစ္ထားေသာအရာ၀တၳဴတစ္ခုေပၚသက္ေရာက္ေနေသာ upward thrust (ပင့္အား) သည္ အရည္ေၾကာင့္ လွ်ံက်လာေသာအရည္၏ အေလးခ်ိန္ႏွင့္တူညီသည္။ ထိုတူညီခ်က္ကို Archimedes နည္းနိမ ဟုေခၚသည္။


Only the upward thrust acting on a body can be obtained from Archimedes’ principle.



၎ upward thrust ကို Archimedes' principle မွသာရရိုႏိုင္သည္။


The resultant force cannot be found from Archimedes’ principle.



Archimedes' principle မွ resultant force ကို သာမန္သက္ေရာက္အား (resultant force) ကို မရွာေဖြေပးႏိုင္ပါ။


The densities of various substances can be obtained by using Archimedes’ principle.



မ်ားစြာေသာပစၥည္းတို႔၏ သိပ္သည္းဆမ်ားကို Archimedes' principle မွတြက္ယူႏိုင္သည္။


If the weight of the body is greater than upward thrust, the body will sink.



အရာ၀တၳဳ၏အေလးခ်ိန္သည္ upward thrust ထက္ၾကီးေနေသာအခါ ထိုအရာ၀တၳဳသည္ နစ္ျမဳပ္သြားလိမ္မည္။


If the weight of the body is smaller than upward thrust, the body will rise up to the surface.


အရာ၀တၳဳ၏အေလးခ်ိန္သည္ upward thrust ထက္ပို၍ ငယ္သာအခါ ထိုအရာ၀တၳဳသည္ မ်က္ႏွာျပင္အေပၚသို႔တက္လာလိမ္မည္။


Although Archimedes’ principle refers to liquids, it will be more general and correct to replace the word “liquid” with “fluid”.



 Archimedes's principle သည္ liquid ကို ရည္ညြန္းတြက္ခ်က္ေသာ္လည္း၊၎ principle သည္ liquid အစား fluid (ေငြ႕ရည္) မ်ားႏ်ွင့္ ပို၍အသံုးမ်ားျပီး၊ ပိုမွန္ကန္မူရွိသည္။



Archimedes’ principle is true not only for liquids but also for gases.

Archimedes' principle  သည္ အရည္အတြက္သာမာ အေငြမ်ားအတြက္လည္း မွန္ကန္မူရွိသည္။

When an object is placed in a liquid of a lower density, the object sinks.



အရာ၀တၳဳတစ္ခုသည္ ၎အရာ၀တၳဳထက္
density ပိုနည္းေသာ အရည္ထဲတြင္ ထည့္လိုက္ေသာအခါ
၎အရာ၀တၳဳသည္ နစ္ျမဳပ္သြားသည္။

If an object is placed in a liquid of a greater density, the object floats.


အရာ၀တၳဳတစ္ခုသည္ ၎အရာ၀တၳဳထက္ density ပိုမ်ားေသာ အရည္ထဲတြင္ ထည့္လိုက္ေသာအခါ
၎အရာ၀တၳဳသည္ ေရေပၚေပၚသည္။

The amount of a floating body that is submerged is inversely proportional to the specific gravity of the liquid.


 ေရေပၚ ေပၚေနေသာအရာအ၀တၳဳ၏အပိုင္းသည္ ေရဆြဲအားနဲ႔ ေျပာင္းျပန္ အခ်ဳိးက်သည္။

The more submerged, the less the specific gravity.

     ေရဆဲြအားတန္းဖိုးနည္းေလးေလး အရာ၀တၳဳတို႔ ပိုနစ္ျမဳပ္ေလေလျဖစ္သည္။



Hydrometer

             Hydrometer is an instrument for measuring the density or relative density of liquids. It usually consists of a glass tube with a long bulb at one end. The bulb is weighted with lead shot so that the device floats vertically in the liquid, the relative density being read off its calibrated stem by the depth of immersion. If the hydrometer floats higher, it indicates that the liquid has a higher density.

အရည္၏ density သို႔မဟုတ္ relative density ကို တိုင္းသာရန္တြက္ျဖစ္ေသာ ပစၥည္းကိရိယာကို hydrometer ဟုေခၚသည္။ Hydrometer တြင္ တစ္ဖက္တြင္ ရွည္ေမွ်ာေမွ်ာ ဖန္းပူေပါင္းပါေသာ ဖန္ျပြန္တစ္ေခ်ာင္းပါ၀င္သည္။ hydrometer device ကို အရည္ထဲတြင္ ေဒါင္လိုက္ေပၚေလာေပၚေစ
ေနေစရန္ ဖန္ပူေပါင္းကို ခဲတံုးမ်ားျဖင့္ အေလးခ်ိန္းစီးေပးထားျပီး၊ နစ္ျမဳပ္ေနေသာ အနက္ပိုင္းနားတြင္ အရစ္ေၾကာင္းမွတ္သားထားေသာ ျပြန္တံမွ relative density ကို ဖတ္မွတ္ေပးသည္။

The hydrometer sinks in the liquid until the weight of the liquid displaced is equal to the weight of the hydrometer.

လွ်ံက်လာေသာအရည္၏အေလးခ်ိန္ႏွင့္ hydrometer ၏ အေလးခ်ိန္တို႔ တူညီသည္အထိ hydrometer သည္ အရည္ထဲတြင္ နစ္ျမဳပ္လိမ္မည္။

The hydrometer is calibrated to measure the density of the liquid of the liquid in kg m–3.



kg m–3.ယူနစ္ျဖင့္ အရည္၏ density ကို တိုင္တာရန္ hydrometer ကို အရစ္ေၾကာင္းျခစ္ေပးထားသည္။



Special hydrometers are used to test the specific gravity of solutions in storage batteries, in order to determine the condition of the battery.



ဘကၳရီတို႔၏အေျခအေနကို စဥ္းစားဆံဳးျဖတ္ရန္အလို႔ငွာ အားျပန္သြင္းရေသာ batteries မ်ားတြင္ solution ၏ specific gravity တန္ဖိုးကို စမ္းသပ္ရန္ special hydrometers မ်ားကို အသံုးျပဳသည္။

The relative density of the acid in a fully charged car battery is 1.25.



အားအျပည့္သြင္းထားေသာ ကားဘကၳရီတစ္လံုးတြင္ relative density တန္ဖိုးမွာ 1.25 ျဖစ္သည္။



Milk and wine can be tested to make sure they have not been diluted with water.



ႏြားႏို႔ႏွင့္၀ိုင္အရက္မ်ားတြင္ ေရေရာစက္ထားျခင္းမရွိ ေသခ်ာေအာင္စစ္ေဆးႏိုင္သည္။

PASCAL’S LAW

          When a fluid completely fills a vessel, and a pressure is applied to it at any part of the surface, that pressure is transmitted equally throughout the whole of the enclosed fluid. This is known as Pascal’s law.
 
ဇလံုကန္တစ္ခုကို ေငြ႔ရည္ျဖင့္ ျပည့္ေအာင္ျဖည့္ထားျပီး၊ အရည္မ်က္ႏွာျပင္အပိုင္းအားလံုး၌ pressure ကို အသံုးျပဳလိုက္ခ်ိန္တြင္ ပိတ္ေလာင္ထားေသာ ေငြ႕ရည္တစ္ေလွ်ာက္မွ pressure တို႔သည္ တူညီစြာထြက္ရွိေပးသည္။ ထိုျဖစ္စဥ္ကို Pascal နိယာမဟုေခၚသည္။



The constructions of hydraulic brakes and hydraulic presses are based on this law.



hydraulic brakes ႏွင့္ hydraulic presses ဖိစက္မ်ား၏တည္ေဆာက္ပံုသည္ Pascale's Law ေပၚတြင္ အေျခခံသည္။

Hydraulic brakes are used in cars and other road vehicles.



Hydraulic brakes မ်ားကို car ႏွင့္ အျခားေသာ လမ္းေမာင္းယာဥ္မ်ားတြင္ အသံုးျပဳသည္။

A hydraulic press is a very useful machine.


hydraulic press ဖိစက္သည္ အလြန္အသံုး၀င္ေသာ စက္ပစၥည္းတစ္ခုျဖစ္သည္။

A small effort applied on a hydraulic press is turned into a large force.



hydraulic press ဖိစက္ေပၚတြင္ အသံုးျပဳေသာ ဆိုက္ထုတ္အားေသးေသးေလးသည္ ၾကီးမာ်းေသာ Force အျဖစ္သို႔ ေျပာင္းသြားသည္။

The pressure is exerted equally in the liquid in all directions.



 အရည္အတြင္း direction အားလံုးဘက္ကို pressure သည္ တူညီစြာ သက္ေရာက္ေပးသည္။

The upward thrust is the product of the effort and the area ratio.


ပင့္တင္အား (upward thrust) သည္ effort ႏွင့္ area ratio တို႔ ေျမာက္ျခင္းျဖစ္သည္။




A large upward thrust can be produced by applying on a small effort if Aout is larger and Ain is smaller.



Aout ဟုေခၚေသာ အထြက္ ပင့္ေမာင္းတံ Area အက်ယ္သည္ Ain  ျဖစ္ေသာ အ၀င္ေမာင္းတံ Area အက်ယ္ထက္ ၾကီးေသာအခါ၊ ေသးနယ္ေသာ ဆိုက္ထုတ္အားကို အသံုးျပဳျခင္းသည္ ၾကီးမားေသာ ပင့္တင္အား (upward thrust) ကိုထြက္ရွိေစႏိုင္သည္။



By means of hydraulic lifts, vehicles are lifted high on ramps for repairs and servicing.



hydraulic lift စက္မ်ားကို အသံုးျပဳ၍ ျပင္ဆင္ေရးလုပ္ငန္းမ်ားအတြက္ ယာဥ္မ်ားကိုကို ပင့္ေျမာက္စင္ (ramp) ေပၚတြင္ မတင္ေပးသည္။

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  • SLEEP AND DREAMS
    SLEEP AND DREAMS Read the passage. "Oh sleep! It is a gentle thing, Beloved from pole to pole."           Sa...

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